The Role of 'Waqf' in Social Welfare: A Research Review in the Context of Pakistan

Abstract

This study critically examines the concept of waqf (Islamic endowment) as a sustainable socio-economic institution in the light of Islamic jurisprudence, historical precedents and contemporary applications. Drawing from Qur’anic injunctions, Prophetic traditions, classical juristic interpretations and modern scholarly perspectives, the research highlights waqf’s important role in fostering social welfare, education, healthcare and community development. The literature review traces the evolution of waqf from its early establishment during the Prophet Muhammad’sﷺ era to its institutional expansion under various Islamic dynasties, emphasizing its socio-economic impact and resilience. Employing a qualitative research methodology, including textual analysis of primary Islamic sources and case studies from selected Muslim countries, the study identifies the strengths, challenges and opportunities associated with waqf management in modern contexts. The discussion section addresses governance issues, legal reforms, transparency and the integration of innovative models such as cash waqf and digital platforms. The findings reveal that when managed with integrity and modern administrative tools, waqf can serve as a powerful mechanism for poverty alleviation, economic empowerment and sustainable community growth. However, ineffective governance, legal ambiguities and lack of public awareness hinder its potential. The study concludes with policy recommendations aimed at enhancing accountability, professional management and public engagement to revitalize waqf as a dynamic institution in contemporary Muslim societies.